Present Perfect (I have done) 3

1. Study this example:

Tom : Have you heard from George?
Ann : No, he hasn't written to me recently.

We use the present perfect when we talk about period of time that continuous up to the present. Tom and Ann are talking about the period between short time ago and now. So they say 'have you heard' and 'he hasn't written'.

Here are some more examples:

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Unit 14 Present Perfect (I have done) 2

1. Study this example conversation:

Dave : Have you traveled a lot, Nora?
Nora : Yes, I’ve been to 47 different countries.
Dave : Really? Have you ever been to China?
Nora : Yes, I’ve visited China twice.
Dave : What about India?
Nora : No, I’ve never been to India.
When we talk about a period of time that continuous up to the present, we use the present perfect. Nora and Dave are talking about the place Nora has visited in her life (which is a period continuing up to the present).

Here are some more examples:

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Unit 13 Present Perfect (I have done) 1

1. Study this example situation:

Tom is looking for his key. He can't find it.
He has lost his key.
'He has lost his key' means that he lost it a short time ago and he still hasn't got it.
This is the present perfect (simple) tense:
I/we/they have (=I've etc.) lost
he/she has (=he's etc.) lost

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Polite Request With “I” and “You”

May I Could I	a. May I (please) borrow your pen? b. Could I borrow your pen (please)?	May I and Could I are used to request permission. They are equally polite. Note in (b): In a polite request, could has a present or future meaning, not a past meaning
Can I	c. Can I borrow your pen?	Can I used informally to request permission, especially if the speaker is talking to someone s/he know fairly well. Can I is usually not considered as polite as may I or could I
	Typical responses: Certainly, Yes, Certainly. Of course, Yes, of course. Sure. (informal)	Often the response to a polite request consists of an action, a nod or shake of head, or a simple “uh-huh.”

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Modal Auxiliaries

The modal auxiliaries in English are: can, could, had better, may, might, must, ought to, shall, should, will, would.
Modal auxiliaries generally express a speaker's attitude, or 'moods'. For example, modal can express that a speaker feels something is necessary, advisable, permissible, possible, or probable; and, in addition, they can convey the strength of these attitudes.
Each modal has more than one meaning or use. See Chart 2-23

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Unit 12 Past Continuous (I was doing)

1. Study this example situation:

Yesterday Tom and Jim played tennis. they began at 10 o'clock and finished at 11 o'clock.

What were they doing at 10.30?
They were playing tennis (at 10.30).

'They were playing' means that they were in the middle of playing tennis. they had started playing but they hadn't finished.

This is the past continuous tense:

I/he/she was
we/they/you were

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Past Simple

1. Study this example:

Tom: Look! It’s raining again.
Ann: Oh no, not again. It rained all day yesterday too.
Rained is the past simple tense. We use the past simple to talk about actions in the past.

- I very much enjoyed the party.
- Mr. Edward died ten year ago.
- When I lived in Manchester, I worked in a bank.

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The Noun Phrase

The noun phrase is a group of words that ends with a noun. It can contain determiners (the, a, this, etc), adjectives, adverbs and nouns. It cannot begin with a preposition. Remember that both subjects and complements are generally noun phrase.

Count and non-count nouns

A count noun is one that can be counted.

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Unit 10 Will be doing and Will have done

1. Study this example situation:

Tom is a football fan and there is a football match on television this evening. The match begins at 7.30 and ends 9.15. Ann wants to come and see Tom this evening and want to know what time to come:

Ann: Is it all right if a come at about 8.30?

Tom: No, don’t come then. I’ll be watching the match on television.

Ann: Oh. Well, what about 9.30?

Tom: Yes, that’ll be fine. The match will have finished by then.

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Unit 9 When and If sentences

1. Study this example:

A: What time will you phone me tonight?
B: I’ll phone you when I get home from work.

‘I’ll phone you when I get home from work’ is a sentence with two parts: ‘I’ll phone you’ (the main part) and ‘when I get hom from work’ (the when part). The sentence is future (tonight) but you cannot use will or going to in the when part of sentence. Instead we use a present tense, usually present simple (I do)

I’ll send you a postcard when I’m on holiday.
When the rain stops, we’ll go out.

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Will or going to?

1. Talking about future actions
We use both will and going to to talk about our future actions but there is a clear difference.

Study this example situation:

Helen’s bicycle has a flat tyre. She tells her father.
Helen: My bicycle has a flat tyre. Can you repair it for me?
Father: Okay, but I can’t do it now. I’ll repair it tomorrow.

Will: we use will when we decide to do something at the time of speaking, the speaker has not decided before. Before Helen told her father, he didn’t know about the flat tyre.

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Unit 7 Will (2)

1. When we talk about the future, we often say what someone has arranger to do or intend to do. Do not use will in this situation:

Tom is playing tennis on Monday. (not ‘Tom will play’)
Are you going to watch television this evening? (not ‘will you watch’)

For arrangement and intension see unit 4 and 5.

But often we are talking about the future. We are not talking about arrangement or intension. Study this example:

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Unit 6 Will

1. we use will (‘ll) when we decide to do something at the time of speaking:

• Oh, I’ve left the door open. I’ll go and shut it.
• ‘What would you like to drink?’ ‘I’ll have lemonade, please.’
• ‘Did you phone Ann?’ ‘Oh no, I forgot. I’ll do it now.’

You cannot use the present simple (I do) in these sentences.

• I’ll go and shut it. (not ‘I go and shut it)

Do not use will to say what someone has already decided to do or arranged to do:

• I can’t meet you tomorrow because my parents are coming to see me. (not ‘my parents will come’)

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Unit 5 Going to (I am going to)

1. we use going to (do) when we say what we have already decided to do, what we intend to do in the future:

A: There’s a film on television tonight. Are you going to watch it?
B: No, I’m too tired. I’m going to have an early night.

A: I hear Ann has won a lot of money. What is she going to do with it?
B: I’ve heard she’s going to travel round the world.

A: Have you made the coffee yet?
B: No, but I’m just going to make it. (just = just at this moment)

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Unit 4 Present tense (I am doing/ I do) with a Future Meaning

1. Present progressive with a future meaning.

Study this example situation:

This is Tom’s diary for next week

He is playing tennis on Monday afternoon.
He is going to the dentist on Tuesday morning.
He is having dinner with Ann on Friday.

In all these examples, Tom has already decided and arranged to do these things.

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Present Simple or Present Progressive

Before you study this post, study Unit 1 and 2.
1. Study this explanation and compare the example:

Present Simple

Present Progressive

Use the present simple to talk about things in general or things which happen repeatedly: Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius. Excuse me, do you speak English? What do you do? Most people learn to swim when they are children Use the present simple for a permanent situation: My parents live in London. They have been there for 20 years. The machine doesn’t work. It hasn’t worked for year

Use the present progressive to talk about something which is happening at or around the time of speaking: The kettle is boiling. Can you turn it off, please? Listen to those people. What language are they speaking? ‘Where is Tom?’ ‘He is playing tennis.’ Silvia is in Britain for three months. She’s learning English. Use the present progressive for a temporary situation: I’m living with some friends until I can find a flat. That machine isn’t working. It broke down this morning.

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Present Simple

Bagi pelajar pemula yang ingin mendalami Bahasa Inggris, tentu penguasaan grammar menjadi salah satu elemen penting. Saat ini kita akan membahas Present Simple Tense atau sering disingkat Present Simple saja. Present Simple memiliki ciri-ciri khusus yakni digunakan dalam kebiasaan sehari-hari, sesauatu yang sudah umum atau lumrah, dll.
Berikut ini panduan yang diberikan Raymon Murphy dalam bukunya Grammar In Use.

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The List of Irregular Verbs

INFINITIVE	PAST TENSE	PAST PARTICIPLE	MEANING
Do	Did	Done	Mengerjakan
Come	Came	Come	Datang
Sit	Sat	Sat	Duduk
Sleep	Slept	Slept	Tidur
Speak	Spoke	Spoken	Berbicara
Stand	Stood	Stood	Berdiri
Steal	Stole	Stolen	Mencuri
Sell	Sold	Sold	Menjual
See	Saw	Seen	Melihat
Put	Put	Put	Meletakan
10

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Modifier

A modifier tells the time, place, or manner of the action. Very often it is a prepositional phrase. A prepositional phrase is a group of words that begin with a preposition and ends with a noun. Note: A modifier of time usually comes last if more than one modifier is present.
Example of prepositional phrase:
In the morning, at the university, on the table.

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Complement

A complement completes the verb. It is similar to the subject because it is usually a noun or noun phrase; however, it generally follows the verb when the sentence is in active voice. NOTE: Every sentence does not require a complement. The complement cannot begin with a preposition. A complement answers the question what? or whom?

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